A 83-01 is a potent inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor ALK5 kinase, type I nodal receptor ALK4 and type I nodal receptor ALK7, with IC50s of 12 nM, 45 nM and 7.5 nM against the transcription induced by ALK5, ALK4 and ALK7, respectively

SB202190 is a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 100 nM for p38α and p38β2, respectively. SB 202190 binds to the ATP pocket of the active recombinant human p38 kinase with a Kd of 38 nM. SB 202190 has anti-cancer activity and rescued memory deficits[1][2]. SB202190 induces autophagy[3].

Forskolin (Coleonol) is a potent adenylate cyclase activator with an IC50 of 41 nM and an EC50 of 0.5 μM for type I adenylyl cyclase[1]. Forskolin is also an inducer of intracellular cAMP formation[2]. Forskolin induces differentiation of various cell types and activates pregnane X receptor (PXR) and FXR[3]. Forskolin exerts a inotropic effect on the heart, and has platelet antiaggregatory and antihypertensive actions. Forskolin also induces autophagy.

DAPT (GSI-IX) is a potent and orally active γ-secretase inhibitor with IC50s of 115 nM and 200 nM for total amyloid-β (Aβ) and Aβ42, respectively. DAPT inhibits the activation of Notch 1 signaling and induces cell differentiation. DAPT also induces autophagy and apoptosis. DAPT has neuroprotection activity and has the potential for autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases, degenerative disease and cancers treatment,

Hydrocortisone is a steroid hormone or glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.

CHIR-99021 is a potent and selective GSK-3α/β inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 10 nM and 6.7 nM. Laduviglusb shows >500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 over CDC2, ERK2 and other protein kinases. Laduviglusb is also a potent Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator. Laduviglusb enhances mouse and human embryonic stem cells self-renewal. Laduviglusb induces autophagy.

Estradiol is a steroid sex hormone vital to the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) pathway.

Y-27632 dihydrochloride is an orally active, ATP-competitive inhibitor of ROCK-I and ROCK-II, with Kis of 220 and 300 nM, respectively. Y-27632 dihydrochloride attenuates Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of human cardiac stem cells. Y-27632 also suppresses dissociation-induced apoptosis of murine prostate stem/progenitor cells. Y-27632 dihydrochloride primes human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to selectively differentiate towards mesodermal lineage via epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like modulation.

Prostaglandin E2 is a hormone-like substance that participates in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.

R-Spondin1 (Rspo-1) belongs to the (Rspo) family of Wnt modulators. Currently, the family consists of four structurally related secreted ligands (Rspo 1-4), all containing the furin-like and thrombospondin structural domains.